Prepositions of Time

at

1. at four o’clock
   at 7 o'clock
   at 10.30am ;
   
2. at midnight
   at noon
   at sunrise
   at sunset
   at nigh – ночью, (также и in the night);
   
3. at lunch
   at dinner (time)
   at tea-time;
   
4. at Christmas
   at Easter
   at the end of the month
   at the end of the January
   at the end of the film
   at the end of the concert;
   
5. at present;
   at the moment;
   at the same time;
   at this/that time;
   at the age of 20;
   at the beginning (of);
   at the end;
   at first.

in

1. in the morning
   in the afternoon
   in the evening
   а in the night /at night;
   in the evenings;
   
2. in January
   in February
   in April
   in May;
   
3. in (the) winter
   in (the) spring
   in (the) summer
   in (the) autumn
   (с the о конкретном отрезке времени – встреч. чаще, без the в общем/абстрактном смысле);
4. in 2005
   in the 1990s
   in the 80s
   in the 20th century
   in the next century
   in the Easter holiday(s)
   in the Christmas holiday(s)
   in the past
   in the future;
   
5. in a few minutes
   in an hour
   in two hours
   in two days
   in a month
   in a year.

on

1. on Sanday
   on Monday
   on Tuesdays
   on Wednesday morning
   on Thursday afternoon
   on Friday evening
   on Saturday night;
   
2. on the 1st of September
   on the 15th of May
   on 6 March
   on 25 Dec. 2004
   on July 30th
   on December 25
   
3. on Christmas Day
   on Independence Day
   on the/(my) birthday
   on my day off
   on weekend
   on weekends
   on that day
   on arrival

Время суток:
at 3 o'clock - в 3 часа
by 3 o'clock - к 3 часам
for 3 hours - за 3 часа (в течение 3-х часов)
since 3 o'clock - с 3 часов
till 3 o'clock - до 3 часов
in 3 hours - через 3 часa
from 3 to 4 o'clock - с 3 до 4 часов

Предлоги времени не употребляются:
а) в выражениях со словами next следующий и last прошлый:

He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday) Он вернется в следующий вторник.
I went to London last June. (not in last June) Я ездил в Лондон в прошлом июне.

б) в выражениях с this этот (и иногда с that тот/этот):
We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening) Мы позвоним тебе сегодня вечером.

в) перед tomorrow завтра, yesterday вчера, the day after tomorrow послезавтра, the day before yesterday позавчера:
I've got to get up very early tomorrow morning.
Я должен/Мне нужно встать очень рано завтра утром.

г) перед one однажды/один, any любой, each каждый, every каждый, some какой-нибудь, all весь:
You can come any day. Ты можешь прийти в любой день.
We meet every Sunday. Мы встречаемся каждое воскресенье.

Future Perfect Progressive

(c) I will ho to bed at ten P.M. Ed will get home at midnight. At midnight I will be sleeping. I will have been sleeping for two hours by the time Ed gets home.
The future perfect progressive emphasize the duration for an activity that will be in progress before another time or event it the future.

(d) When Professor Jones retires next month, he will have taught for 45 years.
(e) When Professor Jones reties next month, he will have been teaching for 45 years.
Sometimes the future perfect and the future perfect progressive have the same meaning, as in (d) and (e). Also, notice that the activity express by either of these two tenses may begin it the past

Future Prerfect

(a) I will graduate in June. I will see you in July. By the time I see you, I will have graduated.
(b) I will have finished my homework by the time I go out on a date tonight.
The future perfect express an activity that will be completed before another time or event it the future. (Note: by the time introduce a time clause; the simple present is used in a time clause.)

Future Progressive

(a) I will begin to study at seven. You will come at eight. I will be studying when you come.
(b) Right now I am sitting in class. At this same time tomorrow, I will be sitting in class.
The future progressive expresses an activity that will be in progress at a time in the future.

(c) Don't call me at nine because I won't be home. I am going to be studying at the library.
The progressive form of be going to: be going to + be + -ing

(d) Don't get impatient. She will be coming soon.
(e) Don't get impatien. She will come soon.
Sometimes there is little or no difference between the future progressive ant the simple future, especially when the future event will occur at an indefinite time in the future, as in (d) and (e).

Simple Future: Will and Be going to

(a) Jack will finish his work tomorrow.
(b) Jack is going to finish his work tomorrow.
(c) Anna will not be here tomorrow.
(d) Ann won't be here tomorrow.
Will or be going to is used to express future time*. In speech, going to is often pronounced "gonna".
In (d): The contracted form of will + not is won't.
*The use of shall with I or we to express future time is possible but uncommon in American English. Shall is used more frequently in British English than in American English.

Past Perfect Progressive

(a) The police had been looking for the criminal for two years before they caught him.
(b) Eric finally came as six o'clock. I had been waiting for him since four-thirty.
The past perfect progressive emphasizes the duration of activity that was in progress before another activity or time in the past.

(c) When Judy got home, her hair was still wet because she had been swimming.
(d) I went to Jane's house after the funeral. Her eyes were red because she had been crying.
This tense also may express an activity in progress close in time to another activity or time in the past.

Past Perfect

(a) Sam had already left by the time Ann got there.
(b) The thief simply walked in. Someone had forgotten to lock the door.
The past perfect expresses an activity that was completed before another activity or time in the past.

(c) Sam had already left when Ann got there.
In (c): First: Sam left.
Second: Ann got there.*

(d) Sam had left before Ann got there.
(e) Sam left before Ann there.
(f) After the guests had left, I went to bed.
(g) After the guests left, I went to bed.
If either before or after is used in the sentence, the past perfect is often not necessary because the time relationship is already clear. The simple pas may be used, as in (e) and (g). Note: (d) and (e) have the same meaning; (f) and (g) have the same meaning.

*COMPARE: Sam left when Ann got there. = First: Ann got there.
Second: Sam left.

Present Perfect Progressive

I have been sitting here since seven o'clock.
(a) I have been sitting here since seven o'clock.
(b) I have been sitting here for two hours.
(c) You have been studying for five straight hours. Why don't you take a break?
(d) It has been raining all day. It is still raining right now.
This tense is used to indicate the duration of an activity that began in the past and continues to the present. When the tense has this meaning, it is used with time words, such as for, since, all morning, all day, all week.


(e) I have know Alex since he was a child.
(f) INCORRECT: I have been knowing Alex since he was a child.
Reminder: verbs with stative meanings are not used in the progressive. (See chart 2-3.) The present perfect, NOT the present perfect progressive, is used with stative verbs to describe the duration of a state (rather than an activity) that began in the past and continues to the present.


(g) I have been thinking about changing my major.
(h) All of the students have been studying hard. Final exams start next week.
(i) My back hurts, so I have been sleeping on the floor lately. The bed is too soft.
When the tenses is used without any specific mention of time, it express a general activity in progress recently, lately.

(j) I have lived here since 1995. I have been living here since 1995.
(k) He has worked at the same store for ten years. He has been working at the same store for ten years.
With certain verbs (most notably live, work, teach), these is little or no difference in meaning between the two tense when since or for is used.

Present Perfect

(a) They have moved into a new apartment.
(b) Have you ever visited Mexico?
(c) I have never seen snow.
(d) I have already seen that movie.
(e) Jack hasn't seen it yet.
(f) Ann started a letter to her parents last week, but she still hasn't finished it.
(g) Alex feels bad, He has just heard some bad news.
The present perfect express the idea that something happened (or never happened) before now, at an unspecified time in the past. The exact time it happened is not important.
If there is a specific mention of time, the simple past is used: They moved into a new apartment last month.
Notice in the examples: the adverbs ever, never, already, yet, still, and just are frequently used with the present perfect.

(h) We have had four tests so far this semester.
(i) I have written my wife a letter every other day for the last two weeks.
(j) I have met many people since I came here in June.
(k) I have flown on an airplane many times.
The presen perfect also express the repetition of an activity before now. The exact time of each repetition is not important.
Notice in (h): so far is frequently used with the present perfect.

(l) I have been here since seven o'clock.
(m) We have been here for two weeks.
(n) I have had this same pair of shoes for three years.
(o) I have liked cowboy movies ever since I was a child.
(p) I have known him for many years.
The present perfect, when used with for or since, also express a situation that began in the past and continues to the present.*
In the examples, notice the difference between since and for:
since + a particular time
for + a duration of time
*The verbs used in the present perfect to express a situation that began and still exist are typically verbs with a stative meaning (see Chart 2-3).
The present perfect progressive, rather than present progressive, is used with action verbs to express an activity that began in the past and continues to the present (see Chart 3-2):
I've been sitting at my desk for an hour. Jack has been watching TV since seven o'clock.

Past Progressive

(g) I was walking down the street when it began to rain.

(h) While I was walking down the street, it began to rain.

(i) Rita was standing under a tree when it began to rain.

(j) At eight o'clock last night, I was studying.

(k) Last year at this time, I was attending school.

In (g):1st: I was walking down the street.
2nd: It began to rain.

Both actions occurred at the same time, but one action began earlier and was in progress when the other action occurred.
In (j): My studying began before 8:00, was in progress at that time, and probably continued.

(l) While I was studying in one room of our apartment, my roomate was having a party in the other room.

Sometimes the past progressive is used in both parts of a sentence when two actions are in progress simultaneously.

Simple Past

Almost 90 percent of all the verbs you see, hear, speak, and write either are Simple Present or Simple Past.

(a) I walked to school yesterday.
(b) John lived in Paris for ten years, but now he lives in Rome.
(c) I bought a new car three days ago.
The simple past indicates that an activity or situation began and ended at a particular time in the past.

(d) Rita stood under a tree when it began to rain.
(e) When Mrs. Chu heard a strange noise, she got up to investigate.
(f) When I dropped my cup, the coffee spilled on my lap.
If a sentence contains when and has the simple past in both clauses, th action in the when clause happens first. In (d): 1st: The rain began. 2nd: She stood under a tree.

Regular Verbs: Pronunciation of -ED Endings

Voiceless Sounds
p t k f s T S C h
Voiced Sounds
b d g v z D Z G
Sonants
m n N w l r j

Irregular verbs

http://www.fonetiks.org/spokenenglish/talkbr04.html
http://www.alleng.ru/texts/mybook/TOP135freq.htm

Spelling of -ing and -ed forms

1. Verbs that end in a consonant and -E
   -ing form: if the word ends in -e, drop the -e and add -ing (Exception: if a verb ends in -ee final -e is not dropped: seeing, agreeing, freeing.
   -ed form: if the word ends in a consonant and -e, just add -d
   hope hoping hoped
   date dating dated
   injure injuring injured


2. Verbs that end in a vowel and a consonant
   One-syllable verbs
   1 vowel -> 2 consonants (Exception: -w and -x are not doubled: plow-plowed; fix-fixed
   stop stopping stopped
   rob robbing robbed
   beg begging begged
   2 vowels -> 1 consonant
   rain raining rained
   fool fooling fooled
   dream dreaming dreamed
   Two-syllable verbs
   1st syllable stressed - 1 consonant
   listen listening listened
   offer offering offered
   open opening opened
   2nd sulable stressed - 2 consonant
   begin beginning (began)
   prefer preferring preferred
   control controlling controlled


3. Verbs that end in two consonant
   If the word ends in two consonants, just add the ending.
   start starting started
   fold folding folded
   demand demanding demanded


4. Verb that and in -y
   If -y is preceded by a vowel, keep the -y.
   enjoy enjoying enjoyed
   pray praying prayed
   bay baying (bought)
   If -y is preceded by a consonant:
   -ing form: keep the -y and add -ing.
   -e form: change -y to -i and add -ed
   study studying studied
   try trying tried
   reply replying replied


5. Verb that and at -ie
   -ing form: Change -ie to y and add -ing.
   -ed form: Add -d
   die dying died
   lie lying lied
   
   
   
   

SUMMARY CHART OF VERB TENSES

State Verbs

State Verbs
State verbs are verbs which do not normally have continuous tenses because they describe a state rather an action. These include:

1. verbs which express likes and dislikes: love, hate, like, prefer, dislike, etc.
2. verbs of perception: believe, know, seem, forget, remember, recognise, think, understand, etc.
3. verbs of the sentences: see, hear, look, smell, taste, feel, sound. We often use can or could with these verbs when we refer to what we see, hear, etc. at the moment of speaking.
4. some other verbs: be, contain, fit, include, have, own, owe, mean, appear, ect.

Some state verbs have continuous tenses, but there is a difference in meaning.
I think he's Italian.
I am thinking about my project.

Adverbs of Frequency

• The present simple is very often used with adverb of frequency (always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom/rarely, never, etc.) to show how often something happens. The adverbs of frequency answer the question How often...?.
• Adverbs of frequency come before the main verb (listen, watch, etc.), but after the verb to be and auxiliary or modal verbs, such as do, can, must, etc. The adverbs rarely, seldom and never have a negative meaning and are never used with the word not.
  e.g. Emily never watches horror films.
  You must always behave yourself at school.
  Does Roger often call you during the week?
  Adverbs of frequencу are always coming before auxiliary verb in short answers.
  Do you but expensive clothes? No, I never do.

Present Progressive (Continuous Form)

(g) John is sleeping right now.
(h) I need an umbrella because it is raining.
(i) The students are sitting at their desks right now.
The present progressive express an activity is in progress at the moment of speaking. It is a temporary activity that began it the past, is continuing at present, and will probably end at some point it the future.

(j) I am taking five course this semester.
(k) John is trying to improve his work habits.
(l) Susan is writing another book this year.
Often the activity is of a general nature: something generally in progress this week, this months, this year. Note(l): The sentence means that writing a book is a general activity Susan in engaged in at present, but it does not mean tha at the moment of speaking she is sitting at her desk with pen in hand.




"Grammarway 3" Jenny Dooley - Virginia Evans
Present Continuous is used:

1. for actions taking place now, at the moment of speaking, or for temporary actions; that is actions that are going on around now, but not at the actual moment of speaking.
   He is working hard last month. He is reading a book now.


2. with always when we want to express our irritation at actions which happen to often.
   They are always forgetting to pay the bills.


3. for actions that we have already arranged to do in the near future, especially when the time and place have been decided.
   She is getting married today at 3 p.m. in church.


4. for changing or developing situations.
   More and more forests are disappearing because of fire.

+ing drawing
ie->y +ing lying
e->ing diving
double consonant +ing putting

Ryamond Murphy ENGLISH GRAMMAR IN USE
A
She is driving to work. This means: she is driving now, at the time of speaking. The action is not finished.

B
The action is not necessarily happening at the time of speaking.
Kate wants to work in Italy, so she's learning Italian.

C
You can use the present continuous with today/this week/this year etc.
You're working hard today.

D
We use the present continuous when we talk about changes happening around now, especially with these verbs:
get change become increase rise fall grow improve begin start
The population of the world is increasing very fast.

Simple Present (Present Simple Form)

Almost 90 percent of all the verbs you see, hear, speak, and write are either Simple Present or Simple Past.

(a) Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.
(b) The average person breathes 21,600 times a day.
(c) The world is round.
The simple present says that something waw true in the past, it true in the present, and will be true in future. It expresses general statements of fact and timeless truths.

(d) I study for two hours every night.
(e) I get up at seven every morning.
(f) He always eats a sandwich for lunch.
The simple present is used to express habitual or everyday activities.

The present simple is used:

1. for permanent states, repeated actions and daily routines.
   She works at a hotel. She lays the tables servers dinner everyday.



2. for general truths and laws of nature.
   Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.



3. for timetables (plain, trains, etc.) and programmes
   The plane to London takes off at 4 p.m.



4. for commentaries, reviews and narration.
   Hill kicks the ball and passes it to Dawson.
   Laura Hunt acts superbly in the film.
   So, the prince tells her...

+s sets
-ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o +es scratches (-s, -x, -z, -zz )
consonant+y +ies tries